Musculoskeletal Overview

Here we will talk about the following entities:

• Nonaccidental trauma
• Irritable hip
  • Transient synovitis
  • Septic joint
• Osteomyelitis
• Characteristic fractures (non abuse pattern)
  • Toddler’s fractures
  • Torus/Buckle fractures
• Abscess

References

• Zawin, J. K., Hoffer, F. A., Rand, F. F., & Teele, R. L. (1993). Joint Effusion in Children with an Irritable Hip: US Diagnosis and Aspiration. In Radiology (Vol. 187).
• Ciambotti, J., Lai, W., Cook, C., Altes, T., Casey, E., Pirttima, T., Pirttima, S., Mentore, K., HIgginbotham, J., Gupta, A., Mcllhenny, J. and Gay, S., 2020. Septic Arthritis And Toxic Synovitis. [online] Med Ed Virginia. Available at: <https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/peds/ms_webpages/ms3dseptic.html> [Accessed 8 August 2020].
• Pade, K., Lobo, V. and Gharahbaghian, L., 2020. Tips & Tricks: Ultrasound In The Diagnosis Of A Pediatric Hip Effusion. [online] Acep.org. Available at: <https://www.acep.org/how-we-serve/sections/emergency-ultrasound/news/april-2018/tips–tricks-ultrasound-in-the-diagnosis-of-a-pediatric-hip-effusion/> [Accessed 8 August 2020].
• Bomer, J. and Holscher, H., 2020. The Radiology Assistant: Hip Pathology In Children. [online] Radiologyassistant.nl. Available at: <https://radiologyassistant.nl/pediatrics/hip/hip-pathology-in-children> [Accessed 8 August 2020].
• Wright, N., & Choudhery, V. (2000). Diagnostic imaging of the hip in the limping child. In Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine (Vol. 17, Issue 1, p. 48). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.17.1.48
• Krul, M., Van Der Wouden, J. C., Schellevis, G., Van Suijlekom-Smit, L. W. A., & Koes, B. W. (2010). Acute non-traumatic hip pathology in children: incidence and presentation in family practice. Family Practice, 27, 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp092
• Vieira, R. L., & Levy, J. A. (2010). Bedside Ultrasonography to Identify Hip Effusions in Pediatric Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 55(3), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.527
• Tay, G., Ashik, M., Tow, B., & BL Lim, K. (2013). Hip Pain in The Paediatric Age Group – Transient Synovitis Versus Septic Arthritis. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal, 7(2), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.5704/moj.1307.011
• Jaramillo, D., Dormans, J. P., Delgado, J., Laor, T., & St Geme, J. W. (2017). Hematogenous osteomyelitis in infants and Children: Imaging of a Changing Disease. In Radiology (Vol. 283, Issue 3, pp. 629–643). Radiological Society of North America Inc. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017151929
• van Schuppen, J., van Doorn, M. M. A. C., & van Rijn, R. R. (2012). Childhood osteomyelitis: Imaging characteristics. In Insights into Imaging (Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 519–533). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-012-0186-8
• Ciambotti, J., Lai, W., Cook, C., Altes, T., Casey, E., Pirttima, T., Pirttima, S., Mentore, K., HIgginbotham, J., Gupta, A., Mcllhenny, J. and Gay, S., 2020. Osteomyelitis. [online] Med Ed Virginia. Available at: < https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/peds/ms_webpages/ms6bosteomyelitis.html> [Accessed 8 August 2020].
• Shaffer Ngo, J. (Duke M. C., & Schooler, G. R. (Duke M. C. (2019). Musculoskeletal imaging in children: What the general radiologist should know. Applied Radiology, 48(2)(7–14), 6–14. https://www.appliedradiology.com/communities/Pediatric-Imaging/musculoskeletal-imaging-in-children-what-the-general-radiologist-should-know
• Ho-Fung, V. M., Zapala, M. A., & Lee, E. Y. (2017). Musculoskeletal Traumatic Injuries in Children: Characteristic Imaging Findings and Mimickers. In Radiologic Clinics of North America (Vol. 55, Issue 4, pp. 785–802). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.02.011
• Gaillard, F. and Bell, D., 2020. Salter-Harris Fracture Classification (Mnemonic) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/salter-harris-fracture-classification-mnemonic?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].
• Gaillard, F. and Rasuli, B., 2020. Toddler Fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/toddler-fracture?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].
• John, S. D., Moorthy, C. S., & Swischuk, L. E. (n.d.). Expanding the Concept of the Toddler’ s Fracture. Radiographics 1997; 17:367-376. Retrieved August 9, 2020, from https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiographics.17.2.9084078
• Dixon, A. and El-Feky, M., 2020. Trampoline Fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/trampoline-fracture?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].
• Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick Fracture. [Updated 2020 Apr 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513279/