Musculoskeletal Overview

Here we will talk about the following entities:

• Nonaccidental trauma
• Irritable hip
  • Transient synovitis
  • Septic joint
• Osteomyelitis
• Characteristic fractures (non abuse pattern)
  • Toddler’s fractures
  • Torus/Buckle fractures
• Abscess

References:

1.     Zawin, J. K., Hoffer, F. A., Rand, F. F., & Teele, R. L. (1993). Joint Effusion in Children with an Irritable Hip: US Diagnosis and Aspiration. In Radiology (Vol. 187).

2.     Ciambotti, J., Lai, W., Cook, C., Altes, T., Casey, E., Pirttima, T., Pirttima, S., Mentore, K., HIgginbotham, J., Gupta, A., Mcllhenny, J. and Gay, S., 2020. Septic Arthritis And Toxic Synovitis. [online] Med Ed Virginia. Available at: <https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/peds/ms_webpages/ms3dseptic.html> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

3.     Pade, K., Lobo, V. and Gharahbaghian, L., 2020. Tips & Tricks: Ultrasound In The Diagnosis Of A Pediatric Hip Effusion. [online] Acep.org. Available at: <https://www.acep.org/how-we-serve/sections/emergency-ultrasound/news/april-2018/tips–tricks-ultrasound-in-the-diagnosis-of-a-pediatric-hip-effusion/> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

4.     Bomer, J. and Holscher, H., 2020. The Radiology Assistant: Hip Pathology In Children. [online] Radiologyassistant.nl. Available at: <https://radiologyassistant.nl/pediatrics/hip/hip-pathology-in-children> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

5.     Wright, N., & Choudhery, V. (2000). Diagnostic imaging of the hip in the limping child. In Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine (Vol. 17, Issue 1, p. 48). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.17.1.48

6.     Krul, M., Van Der Wouden, J. C., Schellevis, G., Van Suijlekom-Smit, L. W. A., & Koes, B. W. (2010). Acute non-traumatic hip pathology in children: incidence and presentation in family practice. Family Practice, 27, 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp092

7.     Vieira, R. L., & Levy, J. A. (2010). Bedside Ultrasonography to Identify Hip Effusions in Pediatric Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 55(3), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.527

8.     Tay, G., Ashik, M., Tow, B., & BL Lim, K. (2013). Hip Pain in The Paediatric Age Group – Transient Synovitis Versus Septic Arthritis. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal, 7(2), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.5704/moj.1307.011

9.     Jaramillo, D., Dormans, J. P., Delgado, J., Laor, T., & St Geme, J. W. (2017). Hematogenous osteomyelitis in infants and Children: Imaging of a Changing Disease. In Radiology (Vol. 283, Issue 3, pp. 629–643). Radiological Society of North America Inc. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017151929

10.   van Schuppen, J., van Doorn, M. M. A. C., & van Rijn, R. R. (2012). Childhood osteomyelitis: Imaging characteristics. In Insights into Imaging (Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 519–533). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-012-0186-8

11.   Ciambotti, J., Lai, W., Cook, C., Altes, T., Casey, E., Pirttima, T., Pirttima, S., Mentore, K., HIgginbotham, J., Gupta, A., Mcllhenny, J. and Gay, S., 2020. Osteomyelitis. [online] Med Ed Virginia. Available at: < https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/peds/ms_webpages/ms6bosteomyelitis.html> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

12.   Shaffer Ngo, J. (Duke M. C., & Schooler, G. R. (Duke M. C. (2019). Musculoskeletal imaging in children: What the general radiologist should know. Applied Radiology, 48(2)(7–14), 6–14. https://www.appliedradiology.com/communities/Pediatric-Imaging/musculoskeletal-imaging-in-children-what-the-general-radiologist-should-know

13.   Ho-Fung, V. M., Zapala, M. A., & Lee, E. Y. (2017). Musculoskeletal Traumatic Injuries in Children: Characteristic Imaging Findings and Mimickers. In Radiologic Clinics of North America (Vol. 55, Issue 4, pp. 785–802). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.02.011

14.   Gaillard, F. and Bell, D., 2020. Salter-Harris Fracture Classification (Mnemonic) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/salter-harris-fracture-classification-mnemonic?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].

15.   Gaillard, F. and Rasuli, B., 2020. Toddler Fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/toddler-fracture?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].

16.   John, S. D., Moorthy, C. S., & Swischuk, L. E. (n.d.). Expanding the Concept of the Toddler’ s Fracture. Radiographics 1997; 17:367-376. Retrieved August 9, 2020, from https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiographics.17.2.9084078

17.   Dixon, A. and El-Feky, M., 2020. Trampoline Fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.Org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at: <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/trampoline-fracture?lang=us> [Accessed 9 August 2020].

18.   Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick Fracture. [Updated 2020 Apr 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513279/